悲心觀之探討——悲心與大悲心

Abstract

菩薩道與二乘道最大的差別之一是「大悲心」的有無或發起。大、小乘在悲心的修習動機上明顯不同。解脫道旨於對治自己的煩惱障；菩薩道除此以外還必須增長自己的智慧才能幫助眾生解脫以斷所知障。此外，二者的目的亦迥然不同，前者得我空或無我智而證菩提；後者得真解脫而證大菩提。這是無量悲心與大悲心就救渡眾生而言分別存在著廣與深的差異性。凡夫無知，不求解脫。大、小乘皆修習四無量心。大乘修習大悲心是為了幫助他人解脫，而小乘修習四無量心卻只求自己得解脫。菩薩觀一切有情之生死苦，疾痛不已，為令一切眾生悉覺了故，乃於眾生轉大悲心。 菩薩發大悲心的階段有兩個，一者於地前資糧位；二者於第八不動地。前者於登地（歡喜地）得我空或無我智而證菩提；後者留惑潤生，得無住處涅槃。無住處涅槃是指菩薩依般若故不住生死，依大悲故不住涅槃。二乘灰身滅智空寂無生，斷盡惑種，得解脫，速證涅槃。無住處涅槃階段的菩薩可斷惑種，卻因大悲故，選擇留有惑種，而不起現行纏。佛的一切惑種已斷盡而證得大涅槃。無住處涅槃是菩薩選擇留惑潤生的過程，在此階段透過大悲心於地地中斷所知障，即八地以去之三種障與六種愚。

The biggest difference between Bodhisattva and Sravaka or Pratyekabuddha is the great compassion. There is significantly different in the compassionate motivation between Mahayana and Hinayana. The Liberation path is aimed at treating your own troubles.The same for the Bodhisattva path too, moreover they must grow their own wisdom to help all living beings release from saṃsāra, the cycle of rebirth. Their goals are also very different, the former gained anātman-prajñā whereas the latter achieved true liberation and mahabodhi. This is the deep and wide difference between the immeasurable compassion and the great compassion to save the sentient beings. Pṛthag-jana are ignorant, do not seek for liberation. The great compassion is to help others freed, while the four immeasurables are only asking for their own relief. Bodhisattva felt painful when seeing all beings struggled in saṃsāra. In order to make them aware of this crisis, the great compassion of Bodhisattva is arised. In the Mahayana tradition, the highest goal is Buddhahood, in which there is no abiding in Nirvana, but a Bodhisattva continues to take rebirths in the world to help liberate beings from saṃsāra by teaching the Buddhist path.