策略性的相似與再生－臺灣社區營造與日本「まちづくり」之研究

Abstract

歷史因素，臺灣在社區政策議題上，多次受到國外政策之影響，如引進聯合國之「社區發展」、師法於日本「まちづくり」、里山、六次產業等。筆者訪日期間，感受到日本之地方文化產業與地方政策，雖名稱與臺灣許多政策多有相似，然顯現之成果卻不盡相同。而日本與臺灣成功的案例中，是否有其相似之處？本研究採用質性分析之歷史文獻比較研究法，分別針對日本與臺灣自第二次世界大戰結束後，時至近日之相關社區政策依序加以整列、分析，同時探究每一政策背後成因與其實施狀況，再藉傅科(Foucault)論述「讓事物說話，語言與世界非指稱關係」的相似性作為分析架構，研究結果歸納出三項：一、「仿效」(similitude)能產生較長時間學習，使國外的政策轉移更為完整，同時透過此概念進行交流與學習，地方發展將更為穩定。二、「類推」(analogy)中若以人為本，計劃或政策之涵蓋的範圍和影響可以更為完善。三、「共感」(sympathies)概念中，願景與危機則能使社群意識有效增長。是以，藉由相似性中恢復世界平面之概念，作為下一階段臺灣無框架發展之期許，本研究建議有三項：一、去除框架式的社區營造與發展。二、推廣跨區域之連帶產業建設和文化活動。三、扶植跨區域之非營利組織，以喚起社群意識與地區發展。

Due to underlying historical factors, Taiwan’s community policy issues have been influenced many times by foreign policies, such as the introduction of "community development" from the United Nations, and the "machitsukuri", “satoyama,” and “six industries”. While in Japan, the researcher developed an awareness of Japan’s cultural and local policies. Though these policies were similar in name to some of Taiwan’s policies, they have shown different results. However, in the successful cases of Japan and Taiwan, there are some similarities. This study adopts a qualitative analysis approach of comparative historical literature research on the related community policies of Japan and Taiwan from the end of World War II until recently. These relevant community policies are listed and analyzed in order, and the reasons behind each policy and its implementation are explored. Also, this study uses Foucault’s theory of the resemblance that "making everything speak” the world is one of analogy rather than of signification”(Foucault,2005:44), as a framework of analysis. First of all, “stimilitude” makes foreign policy transfer more comprehensive, and at the same time, makes the local development more stable. Second, if the “analogy” is people-oriented, the scope and impact of plans or policies would be comprehensive. Third, in the concept of "sympathies", visions and crises can effectively increase the community awareness. Therefore, with the concept of restoring the plane of the world from the similarity and considering the next stage of Taiwan's unframed development expectations, this research suggests three concepts. First, remove the framed community building and development. Second, promote cross-regional joint industry constructions and cultural activities. Finally, foster non-profit organizations to invoke community awareness and regional revitalization.