噶瑪林巴伏藏─《六中有自解脫導引》之「中有」研究

Abstract

《六中有自解脫導引》是西藏佛教寧瑪派最為著名的「中有」法要之一。其依據密乘精髓，配合生命的每一歷程，包括生時、臨終及死後各階段，提供具體修證解脫的方法而建立為「六中有」。相較於廣泛流傳的《中有大聞解脫》僅論及死亡歷程的「中有」階段，其呈現更為完整的「中有」法教，並以寧瑪派獨特之教法傳承──近傳伏藏傳承而流傳至今。 本論文主要探討《六中有自解脫導引》的「中有」內容及其實踐內涵；於「六中有」之概念內涵部分，以西藏佛教祖師們傳統詮解「中有」的方式，分別從定義、辨別體性與顯現方式來探討，進而分析寧瑪派所傳之「六中有」特點；其次，考察各次第導引之觀修實踐內容及其修習特點，並進一步探討「中有」次第導引之間的關係，以掌握《六中有自解脫導引》的意涵與修持意義。 本論文研究的完成，在學術上提供一份有關西藏佛教寧瑪派「中有」教法之研究，除希望藉此研究成果呈現「六中有」法教的完整教義，同時也提供欲修學「中有」教法的行者作為修習行持之參考。

The Instruction on the Nature Liberation of the Six Bardos is one of the most famous teachings of Bardo in Nyingma School. The “Six Bardos” are teachings for each stages of life journeys including this life, death and after death, so that practitioners can practice and thus realize liberation. Comparing with the popular “Bar do thos grol chen mo” which only covers only the bardo of death, it presents the teachings on bardos in a more comprehensive scale and prevails till now in a unique tradition of Nyingma School── Terma lineage. The dissertation focuses on the teachings and practices of the six bardos of the Instruction on the Nature Liberation of the Six Bardos. In the introduction of the “six bardos”, we adopt a way of explaining the term by its definition, essence, and appearance, which is used by Tibetan masters traditionally on introducing the bardos teachings. Furthermore, we investigate the characteristics of the “six bardos” and study the gradual steps in visualization and practices of Nyingma School and explore the relationship of each gradual instructions of the bardo teaching so that we can master the essence and the meaning of the practices of the Instruction on the Nature Liberation of the Six Bardos. The aim of the completion of the dissertation is to present a research on the bardos teaching of Nyingma School in the academic forum so that the complete tenet of the “six bardos” of Padmasambhava's terma lineage can be fully revealed and constitute a reference for practitioners who are interested in the studying and practicing the “Six Bardos”.