默照禪於佛教平等觀之融會與開展

Abstract

本論文所指的「平等」，是針對禪觀的修習觀念或方法而言。主要以文獻分析及歸納的方法，統整佛典及語錄的內容，比較其異同。以《雜阿含經》的內容來代表初期佛教的平等觀，以《宏智禪師廣錄》的內容來代表默照禪的平等觀。除探究默照禪於佛教平等觀之融會與開展，亦窺知佛教平等觀的思想與實踐方法。 由分析、比較的結果發現佛教平等觀的思想與實踐方法，從《雜阿含經》到默照禪，其發展脈絡可說是相承相關的，均強調體悟無我的平等境界，均含有離於二邊，說於中道的平等意涵。默照禪在開展的部分，強調默照同時的原則，以絕言絕慮的方式，來觀照現前整體的環境。此外，對其悟境也必須放捨，以進一步體證法我空。 本文試圖以佛教平等觀開啟初期佛典與禪師語錄之間的對話，探索印度佛教與中國佛教相承及相異的關係。使用以關鍵詞查閱典籍、比對上下文的方法，粗略的完成了探究默照禪於佛教平等觀之融會與開展的研究。對於將中國佛教的禪法，溯源至印度初期佛教，以代表佛陀教法的《雜阿含經》，確立默照禪發展的依據，這也是反映中國禪宗傳承自佛陀教說的一種方式。

The meaning of equanimity in this dissertation refers to the concept and method of Chan-practice. I use the method of analysis and induction to see the difference between Buddhist scriptures and recorded sayings. Based on the Saṃyutta Āgama I research on the equanimity of early Indian Buddhism. With the reference of the Extensive Record of Chan Master Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157) I research on the equanimity of Silent-Illumination Meditation. In addition to research the integration and expansion of Buddhist equanimity in Silent-Illumination Meditation, and I look for the thought and practices of Buddhist equanimity. This dissertation attempts to open up the dialogue between early Buddhist scriptures and the recorded sayings of chan master, and to research the relationship between Indian Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism in order to understand the process of its development. With the method of reading scriptures, I roughly complete the study of researching the integration and expansion of Buddhist equanimity in Silent-Illumination Meditation. To look for the roots of Chinese Buddhism's chan practices from Indian early Buddhism, we research on the foundation of Silent-Illumination Meditation. We can see it stands on the Saṃyutta Āgama which is inherited from the teaching of Buddha.