智顗「根本四禪」之研究

Abstract

本文之主題為〈智顗「根本四禪」之研究〉，源於想探討智顗所論述的根本四禪，其理論依據及特色。此外，亦試圖探討圓教如何看待根本四禪的行持及在圓頓止觀中根本四禪所扮演的角色。首先，就義理的闡述上，智顗所論述的根本四禪，將原本的定型句，進行理論上的詮釋。其所論述的初禪發相及禪支，是以八觸為中心。對於二、三、四禪核心禪支，除了引用了經論的觀點，智顗也有提出延伸的論述。從《次第禪門》中根本四禪的架構及內容來看，即有以修證為導向的闡釋方式。除了具備諸禪支理論性的討論，其根本四禪也兼具修證內容。特別是智顗在說明初禪證相前，建構了由麁住、細住、欲界定及未到地定的初禪前階段，是天台根本四禪的一大特色。若從圓教的立場看待根本四禪，根本四禪即是中道實相，即是一切行。從圓頓止觀的修習歷程中，從前方便的具備乃至四種三昧的修行，似乎都不離根本四禪之基礎。當修習過程中發起根本四禪，此時即以禪定為修習圓頓止觀的所觀境, 以體證實相之理。

The title of this thesis is “Four dhyānas in Zhiyi’s Cessation-Contemplation System”, and the main purpose to discuss the four dhyānas expounded by Zhiyi, which included its theoretical basis and characteristics. In addition, I also tried to discuss four dhyānas in the practice of perfect-sudden meditation. First of all, in terms of the definition meaning, the four dhyānas discussed by Zhiyi, illustrate the expansion of theoretical annotation from the original stereotypes. The explaination of the attainment in the first dhyāna and dhyāna factors (禪支) is expounded through eight sensations (八觸). Regarding the second, third, and fourth dhyānas, besides quoting from the viewpoints of the sutras and treatises, and also included some of Zhiyi’s own interpretation. From the structure and content of the four dhyānas in the “Shi chanboluomi cidifamen” (《釋禪波羅蜜次第法門》), the main objective is to practice and achieve the four dhyānas. In particular, before the first dhyāna, Zhiyi establish the four prestages which are cuzhu (麁住), xizhu (細住), kāma-dhātu-samādhi*(欲界定), anāgamya-samādhi (未到地定). These is one of the distinguish features of four dhyānas in T’ien-t’ai school. From the prespective of perfect teaching in T’ien-tai, the four dhyānas itself is intrinsically identical to “middle truth” (中道實相) and also equivalent to all practice (一切行). The preparation stages and the four samādhis in the perfect-sudden meditation, which illustrates the present from the basis of the four dhyānas. When four dhyānas arise during the practise, it will become the target of contemplation in order to realise the ultimate truth.