《雜阿含經》第98、265經與對應巴利語經注之研究——兼論其環境譬喻

Abstract

《雜阿含經》第98經與第265經使用環境譬喻論述法義及思想。第98經的說法對象為耕田婆羅豆婆遮婆羅門，說法地點為婆羅門的施食處，根據《相應部注》，這個時間點不是平日的施食，而是特殊的慶典活動，世尊前往此慶典乞食而婆羅門對於世尊的托缽乞食提出質疑，世尊由此質疑回答耕作的方法。學者或研究者將世尊所回答的耕作方法詮釋為「耕心田」，著重於「心」的重要性。本文嘗試由《相應部注》的詮釋，了解世尊使用環境譬喻於耕作方法中所蘊涵的思想。 第265經的說法對象為比丘，第265經的說法地點為恒河岸，根據《相應部注》，世尊觀察恒河，由恒河中的泡沫觸發說明五蘊的動機。關於此篇經文的聚沫、水泡、陽燄、芭蕉，後世學者或研究者多由「空」義或「無常」給予詮釋。本文嘗試由《相應部注》的詮釋，了解世尊以聚沫、水泡、陽燄、芭蕉的環境譬喻所具有的思想。 本文首先對於《雜阿含經》第98經與第265經進行校釋，然後將其對應經文《相應部7.11經》與《相應部22.95經》的《相應部注》及部份《相應部疏》中譯，由《相應部注》的詮釋內容了解《雜阿含經》第98經與第265經的環境譬喻，尚未形成「環境觀」的思想理路，但或許可初步了解初期佛教的環境思想之一為著眼於「智慧」與「無實質性」。

The Saṃyukta-āgama Discourses 98 and 265 emphasize environmental similes to discuss dharma and ideas. The object of Discourse 98 is the brahmin Kasi Bhāradvāja, and this occasion according to Spk was not an ordinary work day but a special festival. At the food distribution, the brahmin criticizes the Buddha for living as a parasite. The Buddha rejects this charge, declaring that he does in fact plow and sow. Scholars or researchers stress that the Buddha uses the terminology of agriculture to describe his process of spiritual training as “farming heart field.” This thesis attempts to understand the ideas implied in the farming method by the Blessed One's use of environment similes from Aṭṭhakathā. About the Discourse 265, according to Spk, the Blessed One sat down by the bank of the Ganges. He saw a great lump of foam coming downstream and thought, “I will give a Dhamma talk relating to the five aggregates.” Then he addressed the bhikkhus sitting around him. With its striking similes for the empty, insubstantial nature of the aggregates, especially the similes of the mirage and the magical illusion, later Buddhist thinkers focus on the empty nature of conditioned phenomena. This thesis tries to study the ideas implied in a lump of foam (pheṇapiṇḍa), a bubble (bubbuḷa), a mirage (marīcikā), a plantain trunk (kadalikkhandha) from Aṭṭhakathā to understand the environmental thoughts expounded by the Blessed One. First of all, proofread and annotate the Saṃyukta-āgama Discourses 98 and 265 with the corresponding counterparts in the parallel Pāli Saṃyutta Nikāya, and different versions of ancient Chinese translations. Then, proofread and annotate Aṭṭhakathā with Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipiṭaka Version 4.0, Pali Text Society and Saṃyutta Nikāya-ṭīkā. Translate Aṭṭhakathā into Chinese and analysize the interpretation. By the environment similes, maybe we can come to a conclusion that one of the environmental thoughts in primitive Buddhism is to focus on "wisdom" and "insubstantial."