《大乘大集地藏十輪經》的研究

Abstract

《十輪經》者，則此土末法之教。五濁惡世無佛世界，眾生沉醉於五欲十惡，以是定慧福德淺薄。為令此土正法久住世故，為摧滅眾生堅固煩惱故，是以地藏大士誓學世尊，於此穢土成熟有情。當今SARS、2019冠状病毒橫行，諸多現象對應是經，復於當來世界刀兵、疫病、飢饉現起，害諸有情。地藏大士隨所在處，隨其所應，安置各類修行方法，悉令解脫眾生憂苦，足見是經值得大眾深入研究。 唐高宗永徽二年（651），玄奘法師譯出《大乘大集地藏十輪經》。本文首先梳理《十輪經》的組織架構，及其在歷代經錄中的定位。其次在中印傳譯的過程，有以地神信仰經過大乘化而逐漸轉變為地藏之說。筆者以為地神是佛教的護法神，地藏大士善悟如來境界，為利益有情而居菩薩位階，故地神不等同於地藏。此外，《十輪經》是三階開教所依經典之一，其引證此經之頻繁無能出其右。 十輪經》是一部實修的教典，其「具足水火吉祥光明大記明呪總持章句」是地藏大士於過去世尊處親承受持，能令增長善法及受用資具；能令智慧猛利，破煩惱賊；能令聖教久住利益三界眾生。地藏大士安住首楞嚴三昧，每日晨間入定，隨所止住諸佛國土，隨所安住諸三摩地，從禪出教，令諸有情所願滿足。眾生若能「至心」稱名、念誦、歸敬、供養地藏菩薩，即能安置生天、涅槃之道。 《十輪經》的止觀修學，首先須知修定具備的條件，二十種無依行法，隨犯一種皆不得定，有好的環境修定容易成就。利根者具有十種禪觀，所謂：諸有識身；六種境界；我、我所執以為因；業為良田；無明覆蓋；愛為滋潤無有自在；依他而立繫屬眾緣；觀三業流；觀五取蘊；修出入息。其中觀五取蘊修習四種念住、八支聖道、十八不共佛法、一切種無生法忍、首楞伽摩三摩地皆能圓滿成就。

Shilun jing, the Buddhist teaching for this land at the age of the end of the Dharma. In this period which maliciousness predominates, in this land where the Buddha has passed, sentient beings engross in the five sensual desires and the ten wrong actions due to their shallow training in meditation and wisdom, and their sheer meritorious virtues. For the long abiding of the true Dharma and the overcoming of sentient beings’ afflictions, the Noble Kṣitigarbha has vowed to follow the World-Honored One in benefiting all beings of this defiled land. Nowadays SARS and the COVID-19 are on the rampage, tomorrow’s war, pandemic, famine and numerous situations that lead to much suffering are also detailed. The Noble Kṣitigarbha knows each and every practice for the removal of suffering, this text is, therefore, worth studying in depth. In the second year of Yonghui (651 CE) during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, the Dharma master Xuanzang translated this text, the Dasheng daji dizang shilun jing (in short, the Shilun jing). The organizational structure of the text is first identified and its descriptions in historical catalogues are reviewed. The Kṣitigarbha belief was said to be resulted from a transformation of the Earth Deity worshipping to a Mahayana teaching. I argue that the Earth Deity is a Buddhist Dharma-guardian. Not only has the Noble Kṣitigarbha well-perceived the Tathagartha’s cognition, the bodhisattva also works for the benefit of sentient beings. Therefore, the Earth Deity is not the Noble Kṣitigarbha. Additionally, the Shilun jing is one of the texts which the Sanjie jiao founded on and it has been most quoted. Shilun jing is a practice text. The Noble Kṣitigarbha received and uphold an extensive mantra (Juzu shuihuo jixiang guangming daji mingzhou zongchi zhangju) from the World-Honored One. This mantra increases virtues and worldly possessions, sharpens wisdom, destroys afflictions, and prevails the Holy Teachings for the benefits of sentient beings in the three worlds. The Noble Kṣitigarbha abides in the Śūraṁgamasamādhi. Every morning whenever the state is entered, the bodhisattva fulfills the wishes of all beings in all lands in the teachings given in the deep concentration. By invoking the name of the noble Kṣitigarbha single-heartedly, and by reciting the mantra, taking refuge in and making offering to the bodhisattva, one enters the path leading to the higher rebirth and the path of Nirvāṇa.